Literasi Maklumat /

a. The Big6 Skills – Eisenberg and Berkowitz

Model yang diguna pakai adalah The Big Six , melalui 6 langkah utama iaitu:

• menentu (task definition)

• mencari (information seeking strategies)

• mengguna (location and access)

• mencatat (use of information)

• melapor (synthesis)

• menilai ( evaluation)

b. Empowering 8- NILIS (National Institute of Library and Information Sciences – University of Colombo Sri Lanka

• mengenalpasti (Identify)

• mencari (Explore)

• memilih (Select)

• mengurus (Organise)

• mencipta (Create)

• melapor (Present)

• menilai (Assess)

• mengaplikasi (Apply)

c. The British Model, 1981 ( Irving/ Marland)

• Formulation/analysis of information needs.

• Identification/appraisal of sources.

• Tracing/locating resources.

• Examining, selecting & rejecting resources.

• Interrogating/Using individual resources.

• Recording/Storing.

• Interpretation, analysis, synthesis & evaluation.

• Shape, presentation & communication.

• Evaluation of the assignment.

d. Stripling and Pitts , 1988 – Research Process

• Choose a broad topic

• Get an overview of the topic

• Narrow the topic

• Develop thesis/purpose statement

• Formulate questions to guide research

• Plan for research and production

• Find, analyze and evaluate sources

• Evaluate evidence, take notes, and compile bibliography

• Establish conclusions/organize information in outline

• Create and present final product

• Reflection points – is the paper/project satisfactory

e. Kuhlthau Information Seeking Process (ISP)

• Initiation

• Selection

• Formulation of focus

• Exploration (investigate information on the general topic)

• Collection (Gather information on the focused topic)

• Presentation

• Assessment (of outcome/process)